The Architecture of Kyotos Nanban-ji Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Architecture of Kyotos Nanban-ji - Essay Example This paper highlights that the proliferation of Christianity started to be carried out in 1559; proselytizers sustained their plans and exertions despite the extreme distress that was brought about by oppression, and with the security assured by Nobunaga, a significant growth in the number of Christian followers cropped up. Nearly 20 years later, with backing from hundreds of its supporters and followers, the antiquated worship room was reconstructed, which was followed by a religious gathering in celebration for the achievement of the chapel. Nanban-ji is known as St. Mary's Temple.From the study it is clear that the most thought-provoking of all features of the Nanban-ji is the unorthodoxy of its architectural design. The Nanban-ji Church was built by the Europeans, particularly the Southern Barbarians, but there seems to be a more Chinese rather than a European touch on its architectural details. There is a significant resemblance of the architecture during the Momoyama period in Nanban-ji's overall design. One important feature of the Nanban-ji is the use of folding screens that are made in pairs with decorations fronting the onlookers and guests. Division is common in Nanban-ji. The substantial utilization of folding screens help set up the Church’s factions: guest hall, worship hall, main hall, kitchen, sleeping quarters, and abbot’s quarters.  Looking at Nanban-ji’s integrated architectural plan, an architectural hierarchy manifests in the arrangement and organization of buildings – apart from the Nanban-ji temple.

Can animal experimentation be justified Research Paper

Can animal experimentation be justified - Research Paper Example It can be used as well to promote interests and welfare of animals such as breakthroughs in veterinary practice. The experiment done on dogs led to the treatment of most canine diseases such as diabetes and heart irregularities (Paul, 6). The pros also argued that it is immoral to risk the life of humans for medical breakthrough when animals can be used instead. Let us take the example of Pondimin and Redux diet drugs. If the federal law would not require testing on animals before distribution on humans, disasters such as increase incidence of heart-valve defects might be experienced by millions of humans (Paul, 5). On the other hand, cons strongly believe that just like humans, animals have the right to be treated as beings and be protected against experimentation as in the experimentation infecting monkeys with AIDS. Animals should never be harmed just for potential gain in humanity. Unlike human, animals aren’t able to give their consent so it is not acceptable to test medi cines on them even if it will be used for other animals including the case of cows and sheep being infected with tuberculosis just to find the pathogenesis of the disease (Paul, 4). The cons believe that what is more immoral is to experiment animals and later on, found out that it is not a reliable guide to human reactions. Humans treated animals as a disposable and worthless biological object. The most popular examples are the experiments done on mice and rodents and later on rejected for they are not equally reliable to the human physiology. Definition of Animal Experimentation Animal experimentation is defined as â€Å"the use of live animals in research in the biological, psychological, and medical technological sciences, the state in which animals are used in the production of biological extracts and the testing of consumer products, drugs and food through partial or complete dissection of live animals for research purposes† (Monamy, 6). Practices Involved in Animal Expe rimentation There are practices that are being used in animal experimentation going back 2,000 years ago. In Egypt, animals were used to study body functions. Aristotle learned the structure and development of animals by dissection. Galen, a Romanian, used certain animals to prove that veins do not carry air but blood. William Harvey used animals in 1622 to describe the blood circulation in 1622. It was in 1846 when animals were used to determine the effects of anesthesia and in 1878 to show the relationship between bacteria and disease. During the 20th century, advances made in medicine, cure of infectious diseases and immunization, and surgical procedures became possible because of animal experimentation. In the practice of animal experimentation, several animals need to be sacrificed in achieving scientific goal. To reduce the rate of polio, hundreds of primates were sacrificed to develop polio vaccine. Monkeys were used to test HIV vaccines. Recently, a research in the Universit y of Massachusetts have taken immature cells from spinal cord of adult rats and made them grow and implanted in paralyzed rats. Soon, these rats were able to move, stand and walk. This practice of tissue engineering in animal experimentation has given hope to several people who suffer from spinal cord injury (MacKinnon, 208). Other practices involve in animal experimentation used transgenic animals as drug- producing machines. This

Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting Convergence and Implication

Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting Convergence and Implication Reza Tadayoni*, Knud Erik Skouby Center for Tele-Information, Technical University of Denmark, Building 371, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Abstract This paper is a contribution to the development of analyses of the process of converging media and to the  clarification of the regulatory implications of this process. It is generally agreed that the process of  convergence between telecommunications, IT and broadcasting through its technological, organisational,  and market/service aspects has far-reaching inßuence on the sectors involved and on future socio-economic  settings. The paper explores the preparation for introduction of terrestrial digital television in Denmark as an  aspect in the general process of convergence. The explorative analysis establishes an understanding of the  technological issues and drivers in the development, which in interaction shape a digital distribution  structure that is a concrete part of convergence. Based on this understanding, a model à  the OSA-model à  is  suggested for the techno-economic structure of distribution of terrestrial digital TV. The model is used to  dis cuss market prospects and regulatory implications, as these are derived from the interplay of traditional  areas of regulation in the three sectors and areas emerging as candidates for regulatory activity based on their  functionality. The discussion of the process of introduction of terrestrial digital TV in Denmark thus provides  a general analysis of convergence and its regulatory implications. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights  reserved. Keywords: Terrestrial digital broadcasting; Convergence; DAB; DVB 1. Introduction During the past few decades the communication landscape has been subject to radical changes. Traditionally, communication has been divided in three sectors à  telecommunication, broadcasting  and information technology (IT) à  which cover di ¤erent communication applications. The sectoral  0308-5961/99/$ à  see front matter ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 0 8 5 9 6 1 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 8 6 X 1 This work is a result of participating in two Danish research projects: Service development, Internationalisation and Competences (SIC) project. Distributed Multi Media (DMM) project. 2DAB and DVB is used for digital audio broadcasting and digital video broadcasting, respectively, without reference  to the speciÞc European technologies/protocols-agreements using DAB and DVB as brand names.   Division has been based not only on di ¤erent technologies being used in the di ¤erent sectors but it  has also evolved in close interplay between political-regulatory interventions, economic considerations  and technological characteristics. Understanding the di ¤erent aspects of regulation in the information age requires a solid  understanding of the development in the communication landscape as well as of the ongoing  process of convergence between the traditionally separate forms of communication and of the  Ãƒâ€information fusionÕ. Technological speciÞcity has not been determining for sectoral division and is  not determining for the convergence process but it has been a vital factor in this process. Technological innovations like digitalisation, audio and video coding technologies, computerisation  and broadband infrastructures à  such as cable and satellite networks à  make service  provision across the sectoral boundaries possible. This also imposes new political and regulatory  challenges and makes re-thinking and re-designs of the existing regulatory framework for communication  a necessity. This paper1 discusses digital broadcasting as an instance in the convergence process where this is  seen as a process with technological, economic/structural and regulatory aspects. Within digital  broadcasting a focused area namely the terrestrial digital broadcasting in Denmark will be studied  in details. Broadcasting is quickly moving into the era of digitalisation as digital audio broadcasting  (DAB)2 and digital video broadcasting (DVB) to replace traditional analogue broadcasting  technologies. Full digitalisation of the whole production chain, from recording and editing over  transmission media to receivers in the end usersÕ homes, will be a reality in 10 to 15 years. This is  a challenging and extensive change that will face broadcasters, politicians and regulators in the  coming years. The main political and economic focus is generally on DVB and the transition has  already started in some European countries, most notably the UK and Sweden. For users, DAB/DVB will o ¤er many advantages over analogue broadcasting, such as better  technical quality, more programs and services on a given set of frequencies, and the option of  multimedia and interactive services. This development is an expression of converging media:  DAB/DVB will integrate elements from several di ¤erent media, computers, telecommunications  and broadcasting. The shift to digital broadcasting is not simple, however, as it introduces a range  of interrelated political, economic and technical challenges. Some of these challenges are speciÞc to  the mode of distribution à  satellite, cable or terrestrial with the latter having special problems and  potentials. As the basic technologies are now ready, solutions to two sets of regulatory issues are pertinent  for the development and di ¤usion of terrestrial DVB. One set of issues is related to the concept of  Public Service Broadcasters. In almost all countries, cultural policy considerations have given  rise to privileges and obligations for a few broadcasters.

Analysis of Thomas Mores Utopia Essay -- Thomas More Utopia Literatur

Analysis of Thomas More's Utopia The historical Thomas More, the author of Utopia, was an extraordinarily complicated man who tied up all the threads of his life in his heroic death. The Utopia is the sort of complicated book that we should expect from so complicated a man. It is heavy with irony, but then irony was the experience of life in the Sixteenth Century. Everywhere--in church, government, society, and even scholarship--profession and practice stood separated by an abyss. The great difficulty of irony is that we cannot always be sure when the ironic writer or speaker is being serious and when he is being comical. We find that difficulty in Utopia. Edward Hall, the great chronicler of English history of More's time wrote, "For undoubtedly he beside his learning had a great wit, but it was so mingled with taunting and mocking that it seemed to them that best knew him, that he thought nothing to be well spoken except he had ministered some mock in the communication." (*) In Utopia three characters converse, and reports of other conversations enter the story. Thomas More appears as himself. Raphael Hythlodaeus is the fictional traveler to exotic worlds. More's young friend of Antwerp Peter Gillis adds an occasional word. Yet the Thomas More of Utopia is a character in a fiction. He cannot be completely identified with Thomas More the writer who wrote all the lines. Raphael Hythlodaeus's name means something like "Angel" or "messenger of Nonsense." He has traveled to the commonwealth of Utopia with Amerigo Vespucci, seemingly the first voyager to realize that the world discovered by Columbus was indeed a new world and not an appendage of India or China. Raphael has not only been to Utopia; he has journeyed to other strange places, and found almost all of them better than Europe. He is bursting with the enthusiasm of his superior experiences. However, I shall devote most of my remarks to the second "book" or chapter in More's work--the description of the island commonwealth somewhere in the New World. Since the Utopians live according to the law of nature, they are not Christian. Indeed they practice a form of religious toleration. Utopia provides a second life of the people above and beyond the official life of the "real" states of the Sixteenth Century. Its author took the radical liberty to dispense w... ... marriage is allowed but strictly controlled so that conjugal relations relieve sexual needs without creating any genuine bonds of intimacy between husbands and wives. Utopia is thus not a program for our society. It is not a blueprint but a touchstone against which we try various ideas about both our times and the book to see what then comes of it all. It helps us see what we are without telling us in detail what we are destined to be. Utopia becomes part of a chain, crossing and uncrossing with past and present in the unending debate about human nature and the best possible society possible to the kind of beings we are. Utopia becomes in every age a rather sober carnival to make us smile and grimace and lift ourselves out of the prosaic and the real, to give ourselves a second life where we can imagine the liberty to make everything all over again, to create society anew as the wise Utopus himself did long before in Utopia. His wisdom is not ours. But it summons us to have our own wisdom and to use it as best we can to judge what is wrong in our society in the hope that our judgment will make us do some things right, even if we cannot make all th ings new this side of paradise.

Macbeth: Differences Between the Play and Movie

The play MacBeth, by William Shakespeare, which we read and the movie, by Rupert Goold’s, which we watch has several diffrences but all put out the same message. The main diffrences in between the play and the movie is the portrayal and functions of the witches, the changes of the setting and some key scenes, and the diffrences of the functions of the main characters and also the minor characters. The portrayal and function of the witches in the original play of MacBeth and the movie have several diffrences. In the play the witches are discribed as ugly things with beards and are outcasts of society that wear black robes. But in the movie the witches are very creepy. They have a more modern day horror film look. The witches are no showed as witches but as nurses with masks and black framed glasses. Not only are they shown as nurses (witches) but they are kitchen staff, serving women and cleaning maids too. Also throughout the movie the witches are roaming around in the background of pretty much every scene. It gives a feeling that they are there constantly to ensure the MacBeth and his wife, Lady MacBeth, fulfill their tasks that needed to be done. There are several diffrences between the play and the movie but the main diffrence is the setting of the two. In the movie by Rupert Goold the setting of the ‘’play’’ is in the 1900’s when World War II was taking place. MacBeth and all the other characters are in a Nazi-based area. Where as in the play originally created by William Shakespeare, it is taken place in the olden days, way long ago where it is taken place in a castle with kings and such. Another great diffrence inbetween the two are the weapons used. In the riginal play the main weapons are swords and sheilds and daggers and so on, where as in Goold’s movie the weapons are semi-automatic machine guns, bombs and more new-age weapons. A major scene diffrence in the movie from the play is when the 3 murderers go out to kill Banquo and his son. Instead of Banquo and his son on a horse strolling, they are in a train cabin. In the play the three murderers are Caithness, Angus and MacBeth where as in the play thew three murderers are Caithness, Angus and Lennox instead of MacBeth.

Tuition Is Necessarily for All Students, What Do You Think?

Nowadays, tuition has become indispensable for the new generation. There are many tuition centres in our country. Tuition has also become common among students nowadays. Many of them are attending tuition classes after school. Some of them have to attend tuition classes every day even during public holidays. I agree that tuition is necessary for students. It is needed in order to achieve the optimum academic performance. Tuition is an effective extra coaching for all students. Some of them are unable to catch up in school due to too much work load give to them in school. As a tuition class is smaller compare to a class in the school, the tutors can give their students more individual attention. Tutors can also target students’ weaknesses and try to improve their academic performance in school. Normally, students who attend tuition will be able to catch up and have some improvement in their studies. Besides that, the tutors can get more freedom in tuition. They do not need to follow and stick to the syllabus in school strictly. There is more variety in tuition and this can make the students gain more extra knowledge. Tutors can also set the exercises according to the students’ needs. The exercises according to their needs are very effective to help them to score good marks in the exam. Tutors can give the weaker students more remedial work to help them to catch up. On the other hand, they can give the brighter students some enrichment exercise to help them score better in the exams. Tuition is a necessity to achieve the optimum performance. It helps students to have a good preparation for the exam. Tutors specifically teacher students on how to score well in exams. The tutors will give them plenty of exam oriented questions so that they will know how to answer the questions and score good marks in the exams. Tuition has good track records. It helps students to pass their tests or exams in flying colours. Students can achieve good results by attending tuition classes. In addition, tuition is essential to balance the students’ studies and recreation. It can prevent them from wasting their time doing recreation activities such as watching movies, playing computer games, shopping and others. It can help them to utilize their time efficiently but not wasting their time for recreation or just doing revision at home. It is important in balancing their free time. Lastly, students can get many benefits from tuition. Students can deepen or enrich their knowledge about the topics on core subjects. Tuition also gives extra knowledge that is useful in the future. The students who attend the tuition classes have the edge over the others. This can make them perform well in class and score well in exams. In the nutshell, attending tuition classes I necessary to all students. It gives an edge to students who attend the classes. They are able to perform better in exams and score good results. It is important to balance studies and recreation as students will not waste their time doing something unbeneficial. Thus, I agree that tuition is a necessity for all students as it gives lots of benefits to them.